How-To Library
Common Questions
Quick walkthroughs and worked examples for the math questions students search for most.
Algebra & Pre-Calc
How to Solve a Quadratic Equation
criticalA quadratic equation has the form ax² + bx + c = 0 and is the second-most-common equation type after linear. Three methods solve every one: …
How to Use the Pythagorean Theorem
criticalThe Pythagorean theorem is probably the most useful single formula in elementary math. It powers the distance formula, vector magnitudes, th…
Logarithm Rules and Properties
highLogarithms turn multiplication into addition, which is why they pop up everywhere from sound (decibels) to earthquakes (Richter) to informat…
How to Solve Systems of Equations
highSystems of equations appear from algebra I (two lines) through linear algebra (n×n matrices) and into engineering and economics. For 2-3 var…
Calculus
How to Use Integration by Parts
highIntegration by parts is the integral counterpart of the product rule for derivatives. It is the go-to technique for integrating products of …
Derivative Rules Cheat Sheet
criticalSix rules cover 95% of derivatives in a Calc I course: power, product, quotient, chain, and the standard derivatives of eˣ, ln(x), and the s…
Statistics & Probability
Essential Probability Formulas
criticalMost undergraduate probability reduces to six formulas: addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, permuta…
Mean vs Median vs Mode: When to Use Each
mediumMean, median, and mode are the three measures of "centre" — and choosing the wrong one is how charts mislead. Skewed data and outliers crush…